Sexual Transmitted Diseases ( Std ) - 1690 Words

SEXUAL TRANSMITTED DIEASES Sexual transmitted diseases - (STD) also known as sexually transmitted infection, affect men and women of all ages, races, educational levels, and religious beliefs. STDs are often more sever in women than in men, because they are more likely to be more asymptomatic of the signs and symptoms that appear later in the disease curse in women than in men. (Matteucci, R (2015) Lack of these symptoms in women associated with having a STD leads to late diagnosis and treatment, which in return leads to increased complications. Pelvic Inflammatory disease also known as (PID), is a cause of complications of untreated women and STDs. African American women are 2-3 times higher than white women to get PID and about 10%†¦show more content†¦(Sutton A. L. (2006). Genital warts can be 1 millimeter small in diameter or multiply into clusters. In women warts can grow in the vula, the walls of the vagina area between external genitals, the anus, and cervix. Men intend to get them on the tip or shaft of the penis, the scrotum, and anus. They can appear in the mouth, or throat of both men and women. You can now have a HPV vaccine to stop people from contracting this condition, it comes in a three series form of shots. Hepatitis is another form of STD you can contract hepatitis a, b, and c and they are all highly contagious viral infections, that affects the liver it causes the liver to become inflamed. Some people have no symptoms and the people that due they accrue around several weeks after contracting it. They include fever, itching, yellowing of whites of the eyes and skin, better known as Jaundice, muscle, or joint pain and fatigue, loss of appetite and abdominal pain, dark urine, nausea and vomiting, discomfort in the area of the liver on your right side beneath the lower ribs. Syphilis is a bacterial infection. It can affect the genitals, brain heart, skin and mucous membranes. It can include many other areas as well. In 2012 there were 9.3 cases per 100,000 men and that was more than ten times higher than the rate of women. (Capel, C (2015). Symptoms of syphilis come in four stages the first one is

Effective Business Communication - 4674 Words

Research Study on Effective Business Communication At American Express Financial Centre TABLE OF TABLE Table 1: Recruitment Methods 13 Table 2: Forms of written communication 15 Table 3: Formal Meetings 15 Table 4: External Communications 16 Table 5: Informal channels of communication 21 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS COMMUNICATION 6 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 PROBLEM OF STUDY 7 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 7 KEY TERMS 8 BRIEF OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS 9 METHODOLGY 10 UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY 10 LOCALE OF THE STUDY 10 SAMPLE SELECTION 10 DATA COLLECTION 10 ORGANISATION OF DATA 11 ANALYSIS OF DATA 11 INTRAPERSONAL AND INTERNAL COMMUNICATION 12 INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 12†¦show more content†¦Communication is a two-way activity between two or more people and occurs through various modes, some of which are used more commonly in some workplaces than others. Communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged with each other. Business Communication is communication used to promote a product, service, or organization. The business communication message is conveyed through various channels of communication, including the internet, print, radio, television, outdoor, and word of mouth. Business communication helps to bridge the gap between planning and execution. Efficient communication matters because business organizations are made up of people and also effective communication within organisation or outside the organisation increase the image as well as goodwill of the organisation in the mind of business partner, employees and consumer. Various research studies have been conducted on this subject and each study has consistently ranked communication skills as crucial for managers. Typically, managers spend 75 to 80 percent of their time engaged in some form of written or oral communication. Business wants and need people with good communication skills. Although often termed a soft skill, communication in a business organization provides the critical link between core functions. 1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Several experts and authors have worked on the dynamics of business communication. Various studies have indicatedShow MoreRelatedEffective Business Communication1195 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Communication Introduction Communication process involves exchange of information between the sender and the receiver. The sender transmits a message while the receiver decodes the message sent (Innis, 1950). The key elements of myriad communication models are: the sender, the receiver, the message, the channel or the medium through which the message is conveyed, the context, noise/interference, and feedback (Dimbleby Burton, 1998). Communication will be considered effective when theRead MoreEffective Communication in the Business Meetings2164 Words   |  9 PagesEffective Communication in Business Meetings The great management guru Peter Drucker once said, â€Å"Business communication is all about understanding what has not been said.† Especially today business communication is one of important factors to be successful in the changeling business environment because during opened working environment one can meet lots of others for discussing but how to make an effective communication in business meetings? There are some of factors to impact deeply on resultRead MoreCommunication Is The Most Effective Form Of Business Communication949 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment communication is major factor. There are two forms of communication: oral communication and written communication. Oral Communication is the process of verbally transmitting to give and exchange information to another person (or people). 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Informal types of oral communication are discussions that take place in a business meeting,Read MoreEffective Business Communication : The Success Of An Organization1155 Words   |  5 PagesEffective business Communication is crucial to the success of an organization. The ability to communicate successfully with your audience shows your knowledge of the matter and your level of professionalism to h andle the issue. Successful communication, ethical communication, collaboration, listening, nonverbal skills, business messages, direct and indirect approaches, business etiquette and establishing creditability, to name a few, are concepts that influence business communication and the abilityRead MoreThe Need for Internal Communication in an Effective Business747 Words   |  3 PagesCommunication is a basic way for people to interact with each other. It is how they make the other parties understand what they try to say, do something toward it and viceverca. Communication can be done directly by talking straight forward to the person, or indirectly which mean trough media from hand writing in a piece of paper, having conversations trough telephone or even face talking using internet connection, some applications and computer system. Nowadays effective communication is one ofRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Business Communication959 Words   |  4 Pagesminor here at B entley University, when picking classes, Interpersonal Relations seemed like a good use of an elective course. Originally going into the course I had some knowledge of emotional intelligence and effective business communication. Nonetheless, I knew my personal communication skills were on a less adequate level than they should be, and thought a course would help me understand myself and others better. Now that I have spent the semester learning and analyzing these skills, I feel IRead MoreThe Importance of Effective Cross Cultural Communication in International Business (Research Proposal)2551 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Table of Contents List of Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning CCC Cross Cultural Communication GLOBE Global Leadership and Organisational Behavior Effectiveness Research Program List of Tables Table 1 shows the advancements of Halls theory over time. The table is based on (Hall, 1976) (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, Gupta, 2004) (Trompenaars Hempden- Turner, 1997).....................................................................................5 Read MoreEffective Communication Across Cultures: Relating Business to a Person from the Indian Community774 Words   |  3 Pagesvery important in becoming a successful business person in whichever sector one is engaged in; be it technology or finance. However, due to global cultural differences, companies may face several challenges when aiming to expand and become more competent in the market. Therefore, one should seek diverse cultural knowledge from a certain environment before engaging ones business in that specific area. The focus of this study will be on how to relate business with a member from the Indian communityRead MoreDiploma Assessment Cover Sheet Letter1448 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of effective communications in business leadership Importance of Effective Communications in Business Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction Effective Communication in Management Requires Great Speaking Skills Coaching and Keeping the Information Flowing Conflict Resolving Effective Communication in Entrepreneurship Helps in Sorting Logical Point in Sequences Communication Between Business Owner and Consumer Should be Fluid Communication in Business Development

Risk Assessment of Mercury Free Essays

Introduction Methyl quicksilver is ranked in the top 10 groups of chemicals listed as environmental job globally and is important associated for public wellness issues8, 10. Published literature suggests that methyl quicksilver has negative effects on encephalon development and the ingestion of this compound by pregnant adult female may finally take to important neurological defects in neonates13. The purpose of this study is to discourse the neurological inauspicious effects of methyl quicksilver on new-borns based on major epidemiological and carnal surveies and cipher the effects of altering dietetic methyl quicksilver exposure from fish ingestion in a France. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Assessment of Mercury or any similar topic only for you Order Now In peculiar an direction to pregnant adult females to non devour tuna is expected to cut down the sum of MeHg consumption and consequence in IQ additions for the person and the society. Hazard Identification We will analyze Mercury. Mercury exists in different signifiers, either in elements ( or metals ) as inorganic signifier ( occupational exposure ) ; and organic signifier such as methyl quicksilver ( dietetic exposure )1. Mercury, a natural component in H2O, dirt and air, is considered by WHO as one of the top 10 groups of chemicals of major public wellness concern1.Methyl Mercury chiefly targets the nervous system during its early development1. That is why fetuss and immature kids are largely vulnerable to Methyl Mercury’s inauspicious wellness effects. Methyl Mercury is oxidised in the encephalon and causes chronic diseases2,3,4,5. Specifically, in the Faroe Islands, people consume whale meat at really high rates. The population was found to be extremely contaminated and the research workers associated europsychological shortages at 7 old ages of age Developmental delays with the MeHg exposures6. The Faroe Islands and New Zealand surveies provide grounds of a negative association between MeHg in seafood consumed by pregnant adult females and the neurodevelopmental capablenesss of the siblings at the age of 4 and 6-7 old ages old. Even in low concentrations of methyl quicksilver, the effects are little but still there6,8 The Seychelles survey did non observe any important associations between developmental trials and MeHg exposure. The survey measured concentration of hair quicksilver in pregnant female parents and so evaluated the development capablenesss of kids at 6.5, 19, 29 and 66 months of age7. From the survey there is no grounds about the association of MeHg exposure and DDST-R where was showed in pilot survey7. The New Zealand survey associated exposure to Methyl quicksilver with mental development of kids at the age of 4 and 6-7 old ages old8. The survey shoes a high exposure group consisted of 200 kids ( average exposure = 9?g/g ) at the age of 6 to 7 old ages old, lower mental capablenesss were observed as opposed to the Control group with lower exposure rates.. Several bureaus around the universe examined the grounds sing MeHg toxicity. A comprehensive list of proposed ( full name ) RfDs is presented in table 1 ( adapted from WHO ) . The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives ( JECFA ) recommends that a steady-state day-to-day consumption of MeHg lower than 1.5 ?g/kg organic structure weight/day would non ensue in toxic concentrations of the compound in maternal blood. Table I: Country / Organization Reference Level ( ?g MeHg/kg bw/week ) Year adopted Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 1.6 2003 Japan 2.0 2005 Canada 1.4 1997 USA 0.7 2001 Nederlands 0.7 2000 Exposure appraisal Assorted epidemiological surveies were conducted in which research workers assed the degree of exposure of the female parents of the kids. Noteworthy attending is given in the survey in the Faroe Islands6, in Seychelles7and in New Zealand8. The population in Faroe Islands was found to be extremely contaminated of approximately 2 milligrams methyl mercury/kg6. The surveies we examined6,7,8and the study for WHO1, suggest that the population is chiefly exposed through seafood ingestion. Island populations such as the population of Faroe Islands and New Zealand is expected to be characterized by high fish ingestion and later to high methyl quicksilver exposure, . Typical degrees of fish ingestion vary between 1?g/kg/day and 9?g/kg/day ( Faroe ) and sometimes higher ( 10?g/kg/day in New Zealand ) . For the range of this work, the population of involvement is pregnant adult females in France. In order to gauge the exposure to MeHg from fish ingestion a brief literature reappraisal was performed and several surveies that reported pregnant adult females MeHg intake from fish in France and neighbouring states were identified. The fish ingestion in France is non every bit high as island states and it is estimated that an mean Gallic adult female consumes about three helpings of fish/seafood per hebdomad14. Sing Gallic pregnant adult females, published literature provides some grounds about their exposure to MeHg from dietetic beginnings. This grounds is based on modelled dietetic exposure based on fish ingestion and mean MeHg degrees in fish. Pouzaud et al reported a average consumption of 0.67ug Hg/kg biological warfare /week15while Crepet et Al reported a average consumption of 0.4767ug Hg/kg biological warfare /week but for adult females of childbearing age14. Similar surveies across Europe have besides reported MeHg consumptions for pregnant adult females or adult females of childbearing age and are all presented in Table I1. The exposure of the population of involvement is expected to be modifiable as ingestion of different sorts of fish may ensue in different consumption of MeHg. This is based on the concentration of MeHg that is bioaccumaulated otherwise in different species. A non-exhaustive literature hunt has provided some declarative degrees of MeHg in of import comestible fish species in France or the Mediterranean ( Table III ) . Table I1: Writer Year State Population MeHg Intake ( ?g/kg biological warfare /week ) Juan Antonio et Al. 2008 Spain Pregnant adult females 0.88 Franceois Pouzaud et Al. 2010 France Pregnant adult females 0.67 Crepet et Al. 2004 France Womans of childbearing age 0.47 Table Three: Writer Year State Fish Specie MeHg concentration ( ?g/ gr moisture weight ) Juan Antonio et Al. 2008 Spain Bluefin Tuna 0.71 Swordfish 0.33 Tuna 0.19 Squid 0.11 Seabass 0.06 Seabream 0.07 Franceois Pouzaud et Al. 2010 France Bluefin Tuna 0.39 Swordfish N/A Tuna N/A Squid N/A Seabass 0.076 Seabream 0.076 Crepet et Al. 2004 France Bluefin Tuna Swordfish Tuna 0.813 Squid 0.055 Seabass 0.094 Seabream Salmon 0.034 Oyster 0.034 Sardine 0.062 Seafood 0.033 Dose-Response Analysis The relationship between IQ degrees in neonates and MeHg degrees in maternal hair used in this work is borrowed from the work by Rice et Al16which is based the information provided by the major epidemiological surveies that were conducted in the island populations of Faroe, Seycheles and New Zealand that examined the IQ alteration in neonates6,7,8based on a figure of neurodevelopment trials Cohen et Al21and Axelrad et Al18besides synthesized the consequences of the three island surveies utilizing adept opinion and Bayesian analysis severally and their resulting estimations are reflected in the hair quicksilver to IQ coefficient that Rice et Al have used. This coefficient can be translated as the ensuing addition in IQ points in kids from a lessening of 1ug/gr of maternal hair MeHg concentration. Since maternal hair MeHg degrees were used as the biomarker of exposure in the above mentioned surveies and such information is non available for the population of involvement, an ‘intake to blood coefficient’ and a ‘blood to hair’ coefficient are used that can use on the already known for Gallic pregnant adult females MeHg consumption estimations. These parametric quantities were besides foremost reported by Rice et Al16and were based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling that has been either performed by Rice et Al or have been described antecedently.19, 20 Hazard Characterisation – Decision All computations have been performed utilizing Analytica 4.5. A complete list of variables and their values that were included in the Analytica theoretical account are presented in table IV. Figure 1 nowadayss an overview of the theoretical account. The basic premises that influence the theoretical account are: A control option of â€Å"Do non eat Tuna ( when pregnant ) † will ensue in 50 % decrease in the consumption of MeHg. This premise is based on the high degrees of MeHg in assorted tuna species compared to other fish species. The precise degree of 50 % is non evidence-based. There is no rectification for the possibility of a neurotoxicity threshold. It is assumed that neurotoxicity due to foetal exposure to MeHg is without a threshold Overall this study concludes the ensuing IQ additions for the Gallic society is expected to be lognormally distributed with a median of 98 IQ points. Considerable uncertainness characterizes this consequence. The minimal IQ points addition could be every bit low as 4600 and every bit high as 790000. In this work, the possible inauspicious effects from cut downing the sum of fish consumed and the subsequent decrease of ?-3 fatty acids has non been evaluated Figure 1: Illustration of Analytica Model img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1783006.001.png"/ Table Four: Main Variables used in the Analytica theoretical account # Variable Name Variable Value Unit of measurements Description 1 Control Scenario – – Index 2 Prior Intake of MeHg from fish Min 0.47 Max 0.88 ug Hg/kg bw/ hebdomad Uniform Distribution based on Rice et Al. ( ) 3 Efficiency of control option 1 or 0.5 Unitless Decrease in MeHg intake after implementing the control option 5 Intake to blood coefficient Mean: 0.6 STDDEV: 0.09 ug Hg/L per ug Hg/day Normal Distribution as Rice et Al reported. ( ) 6 Blood to hair coefficient Median: 0.21GSD: 1.85 ug Hg/ gr per ug Hg/L Lognormal Distribution based on Rice et Al. ( ) 7 Dose response Function: hair to IQ coefficient Median: 0.3 GSD: sqrt ( 3 ) IQ platinums per ug MeHg/gr Lognormal Distribution based on Rice et Al. ( ) 8 Gallic adult female weight Mean: 61.7 STDDEV: 10.8 Kg Normal Distribution as Verger 2007 reported. ( ) 15 France births per twelvemonth 78000 Births per twelvemonth Beginning by Eurostat Mentions WHO. ( 2006 ) . Exposure to Mercury: A major public wellness concern. Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments, 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.12.007 Kanai, Y. et Al ( 2003 ) : Functional belongingss of multispecific amino acid transporters and their deductions to transpoter-mediated toxicity. Journal of Toxicological Sciences. 28 ( 1 ) : 1-17 Kerper et Al ( 1992 ) , Methylmercury conveyance across the blood-brain barrier by an amino acid bearer. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 262 ( 5 ) : 761-765. Mottet et Al, ( 1985 ) , Health hazards from additions in methylmercury exposure, , Environ Health Perspect. Nov ; 63:133-40. Sakamoto et Al ( 2004 ) , Maternal and foetal quicksilver and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a hazard and benefit of fish ingestion to fetus, Environ Sci Technol. Jul 15 ; 38 ( 14 ) :3860-3. Grandjean et Al ( 1997 ) , Cognitive shortage in 7-year-old kids with antenatal exposure to methylmercury, , Neurotoxicol Teratol. Nov-Dec ; 19 ( 6 ) :417-28. Myers, G. J. , Davidson, P. W. , Shamlaye, C. F. , Axtell, C. D. , Cernichiari, E. , Choisy, O. , †¦ Clarkson, T. W. ( 1997 ) . Effectss of antenatal methylmercury exposure from a high fish diet on developmental mileposts in the Seychelles Child Development Study. Neurotoxicology, 18 ( 3 ) , 819–829. Kjellstrom et Al ( 1986 ) , Physical and mental development of kids with antenatal exposure to mercury from fish. Phase 2: Interviews and psychological trials at age 6. Report 3642, National Swedish Environmental Protection Board Castoldi, A. F. , Onishchenko, N. , Johansson, C. , Coccini, T. , Roda, E. , Vahter, M. , †¦ Manzo, L. ( 2008 ) . Neurodevelopmental toxicity of methylmercury: Laboratory animate being informations and their part to human hazard appraisal. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 51 ( 2 ) , 215–229. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.03.005 Stern, A. H. , A ; Smith, A. E. ( 2003 ) . An appraisal of the cord blood: Maternal blood methylmercury ratio: Deductions for hazard appraisal. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111 ( 12 ) , 1465–1470. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6187 Gilbert, S. G. , A ; Grant-Webster, K. S. ( 1995 ) . Neurobehavioral effects of developmental methylmercury exposure. In Environmental Health Perspectives ( Vol. 103, pp. 135–142 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s6135 Grandjean, P. , A ; Herz, K. T. ( 2011 ) . Methylmercury and encephalon development: Impreciseness and underestimate of developmental neurotoxicity in worlds. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 78 ( 1 ) , 107–118. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1002/msj.20228 UNEP DTIE Chemicals Branch, A ; WHO Department of Food Safety, Z. and F. D. ( 2008 ) . GUIDANCE FOR IDENTIFYING POPULATIONS AT RISK FROM MERCURY EXPOSURE. Exposure. Crepet, A. , Tressou, J. , Verger, P. , A ; Leblanc, J. C. ( 2005 ) . Management options to cut down exposure to methyl quicksilver through the ingestion of fish and piscary merchandises by the Gallic population. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 42 ( 2 ) , 179–189. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.03.006 Pouzaud, F. , Ibbou, A. , Blanchemanche, S. , Grandjean, P. , Krempf, M. , Philippe, H.-J. , A ; Verger, P. ( 2010 ) . Use of advanced bunch analysis to qualify fish ingestion forms and methylmercury dietetic exposures from fish and other sea nutrients among pregnant adult females. Journal of Exposure Science A ; Environmental Epidemiology, 20 ( 1 ) , 54–68. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1038/jes.2009.2 Rice, G. E. , Hammitt, J. K. , A ; Evans, J. S. ( 2010 ) . A probabilistic word picture of the wellness benefits of cut downing methyl quicksilver consumption in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology, 44 ( 13 ) , 5216–5224. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1021/es903359u Verger, P. , Houdart, S. , Marette, S. , Roosen, J. , A ; Blanchemanche, S. ( 2007 ) . Impact of a risk-benefit advisory on fish ingestion and dietetic exposure to methylmercury in France. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 48 ( 3 ) , 259–269. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.04.005 Axelrad, D. a. , Bellinger, D. C. , Ryan, L. M. , A ; Woodruff, T. J. ( 2007 ) . Dose-response relationship of antenatal quicksilver exposure and IQ: An integrative analysis of epidemiologic informations. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 ( 4 ) , 609–615. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9303 Allen, B. C. , Hack, C. E. , A ; Clewell, H. J. ( 2007 ) . Use of Markov concatenation Monte Carlo analysis with a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic theoretical account of methylmercury to gauge exposures in U.S. adult females of childbearing age. Hazard Analysis, 27 ( 4 ) , 947–959. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00934.x Clewell, H. J. , Crump, K. S. , Gentry, P. R. , A ; Shipp, A. M. ( 2000 ) . Site-specific mention dosage for methylmercury for fish-eating populations. Fuel Processing Technology, 65, 43–54. hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820 ( 99 ) 00075-2 Cohen, J. T. , Bellinger, D. C. , A ; Shaywitz, B. a. ( 2005 ) . A quantitative analysis of antenatal methyl quicksilver exposure and cognitive development. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29 ( 4 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.007 How to cite Risk Assessment of Mercury, Essay examples

Business Law Legal Obligations Imposed

Question: Describe about the Business Law for Legal Obligations Imposed. Answer: Introduction The topic that has been chosen for discussion is whether directors in Australia should face a heavier duty than currently exists and comments on below written statement. The legal obligations imposed on directors are not onerous enough. Directors should be under a higher duty of care. Recent cases involving breaches by duties demonstrate that the Corporations Act is not strong enough to punish directors. Directors of a company have a very important role to play. They are responsible for appointing the chief operating officer of the enterprise, providing overall direction and strategy for the company, creating a governing system for the organization also by putting in place auditing processes within the concern. It is the duty of directors to take steps for the protection of assets of the company and also meet requirements of various outside regulating bodies. If there is breach of duties by directors, they would be punished by law. This is done to protect the interests of various par ties like shareholders and creditors of the company. Analysis of legal obligations of directors There are a number of duties imposed on directors of Australian companies under the Corporation Act (Australian Securities And Investments Commission, 2016). The directors of a company are required by the Australian law to use their powers and carry out their duties with care that a person with reasonable intelligence holding such an important position is expected to show. The duties of a director of a company include ensuring that proper financial records are kept by the firm which makes it possible for the company to explain its business transactions to the relevant legal authorities. The directors are further expected to make sure that the company does not trade if it has become insolvent. Moreover directors are required by law to exercise powers for the best interests of the company. Further, the directors are required by law not to use their position in the company to make a personal gain or to put a third part at an advantageous position in relation to the company. The directors of a company are given wide ranging powers to influence the affairs of the company. The assets of a company have been brought with the money invested by the shareholders and creditors of the company. Different provisions have been provided in the Australian law to protect the interests of the shareholders and the creditors of a company. There have been cases where the directors have been involved in frauds and have misappropriated the assets of companies. The shareholders do not manage the day to day activities of a company. So they must have access to financial statements of the company which they can rely upon to give a true picture of the financial position of the company. The shareholders expect a fair return on the money invested by them in the company. Further the potential investors would also like to know about the true financial position of the company. Moreover the corporations are also taxed on the basis of their earnings. It is because of all the above reaso ns that the Australian law has imposed serious legal obligations on the directors of the companies. The Australian Securities And Investments Commission has been playing a very active and effective role in ensuring that directors of companies are held responsible where they have committed breach of duties under the Australian law. This becomes clear in a legal case ASIC V Fortsue Metals Group Ltd (FMG). In this case, Fortsue Metals Group Ltd and its director Andrew Forest entered into negotiations and reached an agreement with three Chinese companies to construct a mine, port and railway under Pilbara Infrastructure Project. FMG then made disclosures to ASX and made press releases that it had reached a binding agreement with the Chinese companies. In fact FMG had not done so. ASIC lodged a case under three sections of the Corporations Act which also included the charge that the directors had not acted with care and diligence and misled the potential investors also. In the above case the directors of FMG put up the defence on the basis of Section 180(2) of the Corporation Act (also called business judgement rule). But the court disagreed and held directors responsible for breach of duty (Bartier.com.au , 2016). The directors also become liable personally for acts of the company employees in cases of negligence by them in their duties as brought out in case King v Milpurrurru33 in 1996 by judge Beazley J in Federal Court (Epublications.bond.edu.au , 2016). In another legal case ASIC V Healey (2011) 196 FCR 291 it was held by the court that directors of a company are expected to have basic level of financial literacy and understanding of accounting matters. In this case the directors were found guilty of breach of duty even when the corporate governance standards of the company were according to the recommendations of ASX (Sydney.edu.au , 2016). The judgements given in legal cases involving breach of duties by directors have on several occasions pointed to the need that there is the need to improve corporate governance in Australian companies. This can also be done by making sure that wherever there are indications that provisions of the Corporate Act have been violated by directors, there should be legal proceeding against them. Moreover the directors should be made to do more to improve corporate governance. The auditing standards need to be made more elaborate and strict meeting the changing needs of business world (Gay and Simnett, 2015). At present the directors are required to give their assessment regarding the chances of the company remaining a going concern in a report which is attached to the financial statements which are required to be duly audited. In cases where the directors of a company have caused a loss to the enterprise resulting due to the breach of their duties, they would be made by the court to compensate the company. The directors are made to do so as they have violated civil or criminal provisions of Corporations Act in this case (Australian Securities And Investments Commission, 2016). The directors would also be held guilty under the Corporation Act if they allow the company to trade even if it is insolvent. The directors are punished by monetary fines or imprisonment or both in the above cases. All the above mentioned punishments are sufficient to deter directors from committing breach of duties. More resources should be made available to Australian Securities and Investment Commission. There is also need to improve the operations of courts of law. The judges need to interpret the laws in a correct manner. The laws also need to be more clear and specific on different issues (Lowry, 2012). As business world and society in general evolves there would be need to make additions to the current laws. The accounting and auditing standards would also need to improve as financial transactions become more complex and varied. Conclusion Directors of companies are entrusted with assets in which large amount of money has been invested by shareholders. If directors are not subjected to appropriate form of regulation by law, they would be tempted more to misappropriate money of shareholders who do not have close control over the operations of the business. But there has to be a limit to the duties and obligations of directors. Moreover, there is the need also to take steps to promote ethical behavior in corporates and also society in general. If people believe in good values they would not engage in corrupt practices. There is need to educate people better. Investors need to be more aware of how business is done in the corporate world. They should not get lured by promise of unreasonably high returns. They should develop a better understanding of what the financial statements of a company really convey. Moreover, employees in organizations need to be trained better in adhering to internal rules and regulations and also laws made by the government and regulating authorities (Christensen, Kent and Stewart, 2010). Environment has to be created where honest people come forward to report irregularities and frauds in organizations. References Australian Securities And Investment Commission (2016) Directors Liabilities When Things Go Wrong. Available at: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/your-business/small-business/small-business-resources/asic-guide-for-small-business-directors/directors-liabilities-when-things-go-wrong/ (Accessed 12 September 2016). Australian Securities And Investments Commission (2016) Directors- What Are My Duties As A Director? Available at : https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-what-are-my-duties-as-a-director/ (Accessed 12 September 2016). Bartier.com.au (2016) Business Judgement Rule- Recent Lessons For All Company Directors. Available at: https://www.bartier.com.au/publications/publicationDetail.aspx?PublicationID=264 (Accessed 12 September 2016). Christensen, J. , Kent, P. and Stewart, J. (2010) Corporate Governance and Company Performance in Australia, Australian Accounting Review, 20(4), pp. 372-386, [online]. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2010.00108.x/full (Accessed 12 September 2016). Epublications.bond.edu.au (2016) Personal Liability Of Directors For Corporate Torts. Available at: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1125context=blr (Accessed 12 September 2016). Gay, G. and Simnett, R. (2015) Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia, Sixth Edition. Australia: McGraw-Hill Education. Lowry, J. (2012) The Irreducible Core of the Duty of Care, Skill and Diligence of Company Directors:Australian Securities and Investments CommissionvHealey, The Modern Law Review, 75( 2), pp. 249260, [online]. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2012.00898.x/full (Accessed 12 September 2016). Sydney.edu.au (2016) The Origins Of Company Directors Statutory Duty Of Care. Available at: https://sydney.edu.au/law/slr/slr_37/slr37_4/SLRv37n4TeeleLangford.pdf (Accessed 12 September 2016).